WASTE AS A FORM OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL TRADE: A REVIEW ON THE TRANSFORMING STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and the environment within the framework of global waste trade and secondary raw materials. While the increase in trade volume during the globalization process has led to positive outcomes such as economic growth, increased income, and improved living standards, it has also given rise to new areas of debate regarding environmental impacts. In this context, the resource waste and waste accumulation caused by the traditional linear production and consumption model have increased the need for sustainable alternative approaches. The circular economy approach offers an important solution framework in this regard, focusing on more efficient use of resources and the reintegration of waste into production processes. Secondary raw materials, as a fundamental component of this approach, contribute to reducing dependence on natural resources and ensuring sustainability in production processes. On the other hand, the production and circulation of secondary raw materials are increasingly gaining an international dimension, increasing the cross-border movement of waste. Global waste trade is particularly noteworthy for the flow of waste from developed to developing countries; this process creates a significant imbalance between economic benefits and environmental and social costs. Low labor costs and more flexible environmental regulations make developing countries attractive for waste imports, but this can lead to the shift of environmental risks and health problems to these countries. In particular, the improper disposal of plastic and electronic waste exacerbates long-term environmental problems. Recent developments indicate significant changes in the structure of global waste trade. China's decision in 2017 to halt imports of plastic waste redirected waste flows and created new trade routes. This shift led to an increase in illegal waste dumping in some regions and made waste management problems more complex. This study evaluates the place of global waste trade within the international trading system, revealing the multifaceted relationship between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability.