İNGİLİZCE POSSIBILITIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF USING MICROORGANISMS AGAINST ABIOTIC STRESS FACTORS IN GARDEN PLANTS

POSSIBILITIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF USING MICROORGANISMS AGAINST ABIOTIC STRESS FACTORS IN GARDEN PLANTS

Abstract

Global climate change has placed increasing pressure on production systems in recent years; In particular, the distribution of garden flowers, which exhibits a high degree of detail, leads to significant yield and quality losses. Climate-related abiotic stress factors such as increasing temperature fluctuations, heat-induced rainfall, drought, salinity, flooding, and heavy metal levels lead to a decrease in the amount of homeostasis in plants, the establishment of photosynthetic activity, and intensified oxidative stress, resulting in a significant metabolic disruption. This situation has made the development of sustainable production models imperative; beneficial organisms, among environmentally friendly biological treatments, have emerged as an important research area in stress management.

This group of systematics is classified by summarizing the possibilities and future potential of using microorganisms against abiotic stress in garden plants. The first part of the article addresses the effects of global climate change on the production systems of garden flowers and the morphological, biochemical, and maintenance disruptions in plant physiology caused by abiotic stresses. Subsequently, a complex and detailed classification of fundamental abiotic stresses such as drought and flood-related water stress, salinity and osmotic stress, thermal stress from high and low temperatures, heavy metal damage, and nutrient imbalances was conducted.

The study also evaluated the stress tolerance of different microbial bacteria such as rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), endophytic microorganisms, and Trichoderma species that support plant growth. In the review, microorganism-induced tolerance loss was addressed within the framework of morphological and visible adaptations, such as root structure, stomatal regulation, water use efficiency, and mineral nutrient uptake. In addition, the contributions of biochemical changes to stress tolerance, such as the accumulation of osmolytes like proline, glycine betaine, and sugars, activation of antioxidant defense performance, and reduction of lipid peroxidation, were evaluated. Specifically, the reduction of stress-induced ethylene levels through ACC deaminase activity, the regulation of ABA and auxin signaling, and the level of changes in the expression of stress response genes such as HSP, ERF, WRKY, and DREB have been indicated. The application-focused section of the article examines stored microbial application examples in vegetable varieties, fruit types, viticulture, and ornamental plants; these effects on yield, quality, and stress tolerance are evaluated. Furthermore, multi-strain microbial consortia, metagenomics and transcriptomics computational omics technologies, nano-formulation systems, and “designer microbiota” methods, which have gained importance in recent years, are discussed within the framework of current literature. However, the reproducibility of laboratory results under field conditions, the effects on microbial colonization in the region, the stability of the formulations, and problems related to the administration of biological preparations are addressed within the scope of existing limitations.

In conclusion, beneficial microorganisms offer sustainable and advanced biological tools for abiotic stress management in horticultural plants under climatic conditions. It is predicted that microbiome engineering will become more effective in this field through AI-powered data analysis and the involvement of regionally specific microbial consortia.