Analysis of Calf Care, Feeding, and Health Management Practices in Dairy Cattle Farms in Niğde Province

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine calf care practices in dairy cattle farms located in the central district of Niğde province and the Bor district. Within the scope of the research, 53 farms were examined. The average number of cows was 27, the average number of heifers was 8, the average number of male calves was 9, and the average number of female calves was 11.

Most of the farms (approximately 85%) were family-owned enterprises, and the majority of producers (65%) were in the 40–60 age group. The education level was generally limited to primary and secondary education, and only 20% of the producers had received vocational training related to dairy cattle farming. About 90% of the farms considered dairy production as their main source of income.

When dry period management and vaccination practices were examined, it was found that standard vaccinations applied during the late gestation period of cows were carried out at a rate of 85%. This rate was 84% in small-scale farms and 88% in medium-scale farms. Colostrum feeding rates for calves were relatively high; 85.5% of farms provided colostrum immediately after birth, and it was administered twice daily during the first three days. Calf starter feed was introduced on average on the 3rd day, while water supply was provided at an early stage in 85.5% of the farms.

In calf care practices, task distribution among family members was balanced; both men and women actively participated in care, while the involvement of children and hired workers was limited. However, inadequate early-stage care and feeding in small-scale farms led to higher calf mortality rates. Within the scope of the study, calf mortality was determined as 16.1% in small-scale farms and 12.5% in medium scale farms.

Overall, although dairy cattle farms in Niğde Central and Bor districts have sufficient livestock capacity and sustainable potential, lack of education and non-standard care practices negatively affect herd productivity. Therefore, increasing training programs for producers, standardizing calf care and feeding practices, and ensuring regular implementation of vaccination programs are recommended. These measures will significantly contribute to improving herd productivity and farm sustainability.